Tenses, Present tense



Untuk melanjutkan pembahasan dari materi Grammar sebelumnya yaitu materi tenses, di artikel saya kali ini saya akan membahas lebih rinci mengenai materi tenses dari kelompok present tense. Yaitu simple present tense, present continuous tense, present perfect tense, dan present perfect continuous tense.


present tense


 1. Simple Present Tense

Fungsi:
-        Menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang menjadi rutinitas
Contoh: I watch TV every day
-        Menunjukkan suatu fakta
Contoh: The sky is blue

Rumus Verbal:
(+)
Subject
 (I, You, They, We)
V-1
( tanpa s/es)
Object
Ket. Waktu

Subject
(She, He, It)
V-1 (s/es)
Object
Ket. Waktu

(-)
Subject
 (I, You, They, We)
do not
V-1
Object
Ket. Waktu

Subject
(She, He, It)
does not
V-1
Object
Ket. Waktu

(?)
Do
Subject
(I, You, They, We)
V-1
Object
Ket. Waktu ?

Does
Subject
 (She, He, It)
V-1
Object
Ket. Waktu?

Contoh:
a.     (+) They always have breakfast
(-) They do not always have breakfast
(+) Do they always have breakfast?
Yes, they do / No, they don’t
b.    (+) Jimmy takes a bath every evening.
(-) Jimmy does not take a bath every evening.
(?) Does Jimmy take a bath every evening?
Yes, he does / No, he doesn’t

Rumus  Nominal:
(+)
S (I)
to be (am)
Complement

S (She, He, It)
to be (is)
Complement

S (You, They, We)
to be (are)
Complement

(-)
S (I)
to be (am) not
Complement

S (She, He, It)
to be (is) not
Complement

S (You, They, We)
to be (are) not
Complement

(?)
To be (am)
S (I)
Complement ?

To be (is)
S (She, He, It)
Complement ?

To be (are)
S (You, They, We)
Complement ?

Contoh:
(+)Nicky is usually angry with you
(-) Nicky is not usually angry with you
(?) Is Nicky usually angry with you?
Yes, she is / No, she isn’t

Keterangan Waktu:
-          Always             : selalu                                     -   Ever            : pernah
-          Usually             : biasanya                                -   Never          : tidak pernah
-          Often                : sering                                     -   Every day   : setiap hari
-          Sometimes        : kadang-kadang                     -   Once a day  : sekali sehari
-          Seldom             : jarang                                    -   Generally    : umumnya
-          Twice a week   : dua kali seminggu

Penambahan s/es-in Verb:
Contoh Verbs
Keterangan
Pass             Passes
Huruf “es” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang berakhiran “ss, sh, ch, x, z, o”.
Wash           Washes
Watch          Watches
Fix               Fixes
Buzz            Buzzes
Go               Goes
Study           Studies
Huruf “ es” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang berkhiran dengan huruf  “y” sebelumnya berupa huruf konsonan, dan huruf “y” luluh menjadi huruf “i”.
Play             Plays
Huruf “s” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf “y” sebelumnya berupa huruf vokal.
Speak           Speaks
Drink           Drinks
Wait             Waits
Huruf “s” pada umumnya ditambahkan pada kata kerja-kata kerja yang tidak berakhiran “ss, sh, ch, x, z, o atau y”.
Have            Has
Kata “have” berubah  menjadi “has”, bila diikuti subyek She, He, It.


2. Present Continuous Tense


Fungsi:
-          Menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat berbicara
Contoh: He is driving his car now.

Rumus Verbal:
(+)
S
To be (am, is, are)
V-ing
O
Keterangan Waktu

(-)
S
To be (am, is, are) not
V-ing
O
Keterangan Waktu

(?)
To be (am, is, are)
S
V-ing
O
Keterangan Waktu ?

Contoh:
(+) We are going to Pare now
(-) We aren’t going to Pare now
(?) Are we going to Pare now?
Yes, we are / No, we aren’t

Rumus Nominal:
(+)
S
to be (am, is, are)
Complement

(-)
S
to be (am, is, are) not
Complement

(?)
To be (am, is, are)
S
Complement ?

Keterangan Waktu:
-          Now                                                     -   Today
-          Right now                                            -   Still
-          At present                                             -   At this moment
-          This morning                                        -   Look!

3. Present Perfect Tense
Fungsi:
-       Menyatakan aktifitas yang telah terjadi sebelum waktu sekarang ini (waktu terjadinya tidak penting)
Contoh: Ann has eaten dinner
-        Menyatakan aktifitas yang telah terjadi beberapa kali (waktu terjadinya tidak penting)
Contoh: Peter has gone to the theater three times
-        Menyatakan keadaan yang telah dimulai pada saat tertentu dan hingga kini masih berlangsung. Dalam hal ini, “since” dan “for” digunakan.
Contoh: Mr. Bean has lived in this city since 1998

Rumus Verbal:
(+)
S (I, You, They, We)
have
V3
Keterangan Waktu

S (She, He, It)
has
V3
Keterangan Waktu

(-)
S (I, You, They, We)
have not
V3
Keterangan Waktu

S (She, He, It)
has not
V3
Keterangan Waktu

(?)
Have
S (I, You, They, We)
V3
Keterangan Waktu ?

Has
S (She, He, It)
V3
Keterangan Waktu ?

Contoh:
(+) He has played football
(-)  He hasn’t played football
(?) Has he played football ?
 Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t

Rumus Nominal:
(+)
S
have/has been
Complement
(-)
S
have/has not been
Complement
(?)
Have/Has
S
Been
Complement ?







Contoh:
(+) The woman has been  rich
(-) The woman hasn’t been  rich
(?) Has the woman  been  rich?
 Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t

Keterangan Waktu:
-          For                                            -    Just
-          Since                                         -    Recently
-          Already                                     -    Yet

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense


Fungsi:
-        Menyatakan lamanya peristiwa yang terjadi dan masih berlangsung saat dibicarakan.
Contoh: My father has been working for an hour

Rumus Verbal:
(+)
S
have/has been
V-ing
O
Keterangan Waktu

(-)
S
have/has not been
V-ing
O
Keterangan Waktu

(?)
Have/Has
S
Been
V-ing
O
Keterangan Waktu ?

Contoh:
(+) The man has been writing a message since an hour ago
(-) The man hasn’t been writing a message since an hour ago
(?) Has the man been writing a message since an hour ago?
 Yes, they have / No, they haven’t

Rumus Nominal:
(+)
S
have/has been
Complement

(-)
S
have/has not been
Complement

(?)
Have/Has
S
Been
Complement ?

Keterangan Waktu:
-          Since
-          For

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